What is the primary difference between formative and summative evaluations?

The primary difference between formative and summative evaluations lies in their purpose and timing within the program development process. Formative evaluation is focused on improving a program while it is still being developed and implemented. This type of evaluation provides ongoing feedback that can be used to make adjustments, enhance the learning experience, and refine content, ensuring that outcomes align with the goals of the program.

In contrast, summative evaluation occurs after the program has been fully developed and implemented, with the primary goal of assessing the overall effectiveness and outcomes of the program. This type of evaluation provides a judgment about the program's success based on predetermined criteria and measures.

The distinction is important in understanding how each type of evaluation contributes to educational and programmatic improvement. While formative evaluation aids in real-time adjustments and improvements, summative evaluation is more about assessing the end results rather than refining the process.